Showing posts with label bioactive compounds. Show all posts
Showing posts with label bioactive compounds. Show all posts

Thursday, July 06, 2023

Theophylline and tea

Tea contains a diverse range of compounds, including:
*Caffeine, theophylline, and theobromine, although in smaller proportions.
*Polyphenols, also known as flavonoids, which are beneficial antioxidants that promote good health.
*Fluoride.

Theophylline is present in black tea (Camellia sinensis) at very low levels, approximately 0.02-0.04% of its dry weight. It has also been detected in green coffee beans at around 5 mg/kg and in trace amounts in cacao cotyledon. Dried mate contains about 0.004% theophylline.

Tea contains a minute quantity of theophylline, roughly equivalent to one milligram per five-ounce cup.

Theophylline, also referred to as dimethylxanthine, was initially extracted from tea leaves and chemically identified by the German biologist Albrecht Kossel in the late 1880s. Around seven years later, in 1895, Emil Fischer and Lorenz Ach described the chemical synthesis of theophylline, starting from 1,3-dimethyluric acid. Initially used as a diuretic in 1902, theophylline's bronchodilator properties were later recognized, leading to its introduction as a clinical treatment for asthma in 1922.

Theophylline is produced on an industrial scale and primarily used in pharmaceutical preparations. It acts as a relaxant for smooth muscles, making it valuable in asthma treatment by improving breathing and enhancing the rate and force of heart contractions.

In 1980, an estimated 26,000 pounds (11,800 kg) of theophylline were consumed in the United States. This estimation was based on the importation of 185 million pounds of tea with an average theophylline content of 0.03%. However, there was approximately a 50% loss during preparation and extraction.
Theophylline and tea

Tuesday, October 11, 2022

Bioactive compounds in tea

Tea contains various bioactive components, such as polyphenolic compounds (catechins and epicatechins), theaflavins, flavonol glycosides, L-theanine, caffeine, theobromine, and volatile organic substances.

Many studies have indicated that tea and its bioactive components possess multiple health functions, including antioxidation, anti-inflammation, immuno-regulation, anticancer, cardiovascular-protection, anti-diabetes, anti-obesity, and hepato-protection.

These bioactive components are responsible for the astringency, flavor, aroma, and taste of the tea as well as its health beneficial effects.

The phytochemical components are involved in the prevention and cure of many illnesses like cardiovascular diseases, malignancy, digestive dysfunction, and metabolic disorders like obesity, diabetes.

Catechins are a type of polyphenol and are the main astringency component in green tea, long known as tannins. There are four main types of catechins found in tea leaves.
*Epicatechin
*Epigallocatechin
*Epicatechin gallate
*Epigallocatechin gallate

Catechins in tea are not only essential in plant physiology but also tremendously beneficial to human health, acting as antioxidants, as well as anti-inflammatory, anti-allergic, antihypertensive, anticancer, and antimicrobial agents

Catechins oxidize extremely easily. In green tea, since the process for making crude tea involves halting the action of oxidizing enzymes, most of the catechins remain unoxidized. In addition, other polyphenols like gallic acid, chlorogenic acid, ellagic acid, galloylquinic acid, kaempferol-3-O-glucoside (kaempferol-3-G) and various flavonoids are also found in tea.

Tea flavonoids show strong antioxidant properties. Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) is thought to reduce inflammation, aid weight loss, and help prevent heart and brain disease. Numerous health benefits associated with drinking green tea are typically credited to its EGCG content

As an antioxidant, EGCG protects body cells from damage associated with oxidative stress and suppresses the activity of pro-inflammatory chemicals produced in your body, such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha.

Caffeine and other methylxanthine regulate the intracellular second messenger levels. The main effects of caffeine include increased alertness and a mild diuretic effect. Since caffeine has a stimulant effect on the central nervous system (CNS), it can ward off drowsiness and increase the capacity for mental or physical labor.
Bioactive compounds in tea

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